探险好去处：世界上美的火山TOP6

火山蕴含着大自然强大的力量，这种力量同时也会创造出惊人的景观。这些世界上美的火山是狂野与美丽的化身，旅行不容错过。

Their violent origins also tend to create stunning natural landscapes that attract sightseers from around the world. What are the most beautiful volcanos in the world?

火山的剧烈活动往往会制造出非同寻常的自然景观，吸引了世界各地的观光客。哪些是世界上美的火山？

Santorini, Greece

希腊，圣托里尼岛

Best known for the stark white-painted buildings that cling to its multi-coloured cliffs, this Greek island is the remnant of a volcanic caldera, formed around 1600BC when one of the largest eruptions in recorded history wiped out most of the island, including some of the original settlements.

这座希腊岛屿上为人熟知的是与五彩的峭壁形成鲜明对比的白色建筑。公元前1600年，一场历史记载中剧烈的火山爆发之一在这里发生，几乎摧毁了整座岛屿和原始居民的住所。现在的圣托里尼岛便是一个破火山口的残迹。

Today, Santorini attracts visitors from around the world who are eager to admire what’s left. “To feel how majestic it is, you have to sail inside [the caldera] and stand at a balcony on the edge of the cliffs at sunset,” said Achilleas Vortselas.

现今，圣托里尼岛吸引着世界各地的游客来一睹火山遗迹的风光。“要感受这里的壮丽，你得乘船进入火山口，在日落时分站在峭壁边上眺望，” 阿基里亚斯·沃尔瑟拉斯说。

In particular, visitors should seek out the uninhabited island of Nea Kameni, located in the centre of Santorini’s caldera. “Nea Kameni itself is a kind of ugly, black-brown blob in the centre of a picturesque, truly gorgeous caldera,” Smitha Prasadh said. “But when you hike around, it has its own beauty. Sloped pits from which ancient and recent eruptions sprang forth – [it is] very different from the craters of more ‘traditional’ volcanoes.”

游客尤其应该去看看位于圣托里尼中心无人居住的卡美尼岛。“卡美尼岛位于别致迷人的火山口中间，是一座并不好看的黑褐色小岛，”史密莎·帕拉萨德说。“但当你在那周围四处走的时候，你会发现它有自己的美。从古至今，喷发都发生在倾斜的坑洞中——这跟‘传统’的火山口非常不一样。”

Mount Mayon, the Philippines

菲律宾，马荣火山

Located about 450km southeast of Manila on the island of Luzon, Mount Mayon is the most active volcano in the Philippines; a September 2014 eruption forced thousands to flee the area. Mayon is also a stratovolcano – a steep cone built from many layers of lava flows – that’s prized for its incredible symmetry.

马荣火山位于吕宋岛上，距马尼拉东南450公里，是菲律宾活跃的火山。2014年9月，一场喷发迫使数千居民离开这一带。马荣火山也是一座成层火山，多层岩浆流构筑了一个陡峭的火山锥，其惊人的对称性备受欣赏。

“The perfect hyperbolic shape of Mayon in the Philippines underlines [its] threatening posture,” Vortselas said. “The ash and lava flows are just the cherry on top.”

“菲律宾马荣火山的双曲线凸显了其充满威胁的架势，”沃尔瑟拉斯说。“火山灰和岩浆流更是锦上添花。”

Those who hike the volcano are rewarded with views of the towns in the Albay province and the Pacific Ocean. But even those who prefer the view from afar have a historical vantage point at the Cagsawa Ruins, once an 18th Century Franciscan church that was destroyed by an 1814 eruption. The stone tower still remains, serving as the human-built counterpart to the natural wonder in the distance.

徒步攀登马荣火山的登山者能够亲眼目睹阿尔拜省的城市和太平洋的景观，喜欢眺望远处的人甚至能在卡格萨瓦遗址中找到一个具有历史意义的观景点。那曾经是18世纪的圣方济会教堂，在1814年的一场喷发中被摧毁。教堂的石塔现在仍留在那里，代表着人类建筑与远方的大自然奇观分庭抗礼。

Mount Kilimanjaro and Ngorongoro Crater, Tanzania

坦桑尼亚，乞力马扎罗山和恩戈罗恩戈罗火山口

Adventure-seekers from all over the globe head to the border of Tanzania and Kenya to tackle Kilimanjaro, Africa’s tallest mountain. Fewer know that Kili is also the continent’s tallest volcano, unique in the fact that it has three volcanic cones. While the Mawenzi and Shira cones are extinct, the highest one, Kibo (on which the highest Uhuru Peak sits), is still active and lets off occasional steam and gases.

来自世界各地的探险者来到坦桑尼亚和肯尼亚的边境是为了征服非洲高的山脉——乞力马扎罗山。乞力马扎罗山也是非洲大陆高的火山，它的独特之处在于其拥有三个火山锥。虽然其中的马文济山和希拉山是死火山，但高的基博山（乞力马扎罗山的高峰乌呼鲁峰就位于此）仍然活跃，还不时地喷出蒸汽和其他气体。

Those keen to climb to Kilimanjaro’s dizzying 5,895m summit must be prepared for a dramatic change in temperature, said Julien Vaché. “As you walk, you go from 35C [in the] jungle to -15C on top of Uhuru, its highest peak.”

朱利安·瓦谢说，想要攀登乞力马扎罗山令人目眩的5895米高峰，你必须做好气温急剧变化的准备。“在行进途中，你会从35摄氏度的丛林走到零下15摄氏度的乌呼鲁峰顶峰。”

About 200km west of Kilimanjaro, Ngorongoro Crater is a former volcano that is thought to have once rivalled Kilimanjaro in height, estimated to have been 4500-4800m tall until it collapsed on itself. Today, at 22.5km in diameter and 610m deep, Ngorongoro is the largest crater on earth, creating a unique environment for local wildlife. “Waterfalls coming down the caldera irrigate green pastures and fill a lake at the bottom full of flamingos and a huge fauna on its shores: lion, hippopotamus, buffalos, zebras, gnus, rhinoceros,” Vaché said.

恩戈罗恩戈罗火山口位于乞力马扎罗山以南约200公里，被认为曾经拥有能与乞力马扎罗山匹敌的高度。据估计，它崩塌之前有4500-4800米高。现在的恩戈罗恩戈罗火山口直径22.5公里，深610米，是地球上大的火山口。它为当地野生动物创造了一个独特的自然环境。“从破火山口流下来的瀑布灌溉出绿茵茵的草地，水在底部汇聚成一个湖泊，湖里有成群的火烈鸟，岸上还有大型的动物群：有狮子、河马、水牛、斑马、牛羚和犀牛，” 瓦谢说。

Mount Kelimutu, Indonesia

印度尼西亚，克里穆图山

Kelimutu’s three mysterious crater lakes attract both scientists and tourists to the island of Flores in Indonesia’s East Nusa Tenggara province. “One is emerald green, another dark red, and the third pitch black,” Vaché explained. Scientists say the colours come from the chemical reaction that occurs when the volcanic gases meet the lake’s minerals.

克里穆图山的三个神秘的火山湖把科学家和游客吸引到了印尼东努沙登加拉省的弗洛雷斯岛。“一个是翠绿色的，一个是暗红色的，还有一个是墨黑色的，”瓦谢解释道。科学家说湖的颜色是火山气体和湖里的矿物发生化学反应时产生的。

Nearby residents have a different take. “Locals believe that the lakes are the resting place of departed souls and change colour abruptly based on the flow of souls,” Sunni Mewati said. Despite scientific explanations of the colours, “the eeriness surrounding the lakes as a reservoir of souls remains” he added.

附近的居民却有不同的看法。“当地居民相信这三个湖是人死后灵魂安息的地方，湖的颜色会因为灵魂的流动而突然改变，”苏尼·梅瓦提说。尽管科学家已经解释了颜色形成的原因，“人们还是相信湖附近发生的怪异事件是灵魂聚集造成的。”

Kilauea and Mauna Kea, Hawaii

夏威夷，基拉韦厄火山和冒纳凯阿火山

Hawaii’s volcanoes are known for their active eruptions and otherworldly landscapes. The youngest volcano in Hawaii, Kilauea has been erupting continuously since 1983, “so much so that the lava falls straight into the sea, creating fantastic forms of black rocks and insane smoke clouds”, Vaché said.

夏威夷的火山因喷发频繁、景色奇异而。基拉韦厄火山是夏威夷年轻的火山，自1983年起便喷发不断，“大量的岩浆喷发出来，直接落到海里，形成了形状奇特的黑色岩石和惊人的烟雾云，”瓦谢说。

At the other end of the spectrum, Mauna Kea is around one million years old. It sits dormant, still impressing with its sheer size, rising 4,205m from the sea. “Mauna Kea in Hawaii is both incredibly beautiful and home to secret treasures, including a sacred frozen lake near the summit accessible only by [a six-mile, 10-hour round trip] hike,” said Lesly Simmons. “You can find snow in the winter and almost zero crowds. We ran into only one other couple hiking from the base to the summit when we reached Lake Waiau.”

色调与之相反的冒纳凯阿火山形成于十万年前左右，现在是一座休眠火山，但它海拔4205米的高度仍然令人印象深刻。“夏威夷的冒纳凯阿火山不但美得摄人心魂，而且还蕴藏着不为人知的宝藏，比如顶峰附近神圣的结冰湖，要到那里只有花费大约10小时徒步行走5英里，”莱斯莉·西蒙斯说。“在冬天你会看到雪，但那儿人迹罕至，我们到达怀奥湖的时候只遇到过一对从山脚走到山顶的夫妻。”

Mount Fuji, Japan

日本，富士山

Perhaps the world’s most famous symmetrical stratovolcano is Japan’s Mount Fuji, which has served as the muse for many artistic creations through the centuries. “[It’s] the national symbol of Japan: snow-capped, looming in the distance, cherry blossoms in the forefront,” Vaché said. Not only is the mountain itself beautiful and mysterious, but the Aokigahara forest on the northwest base of the mountain also inspires the imagination, as many local folktales describe the demons and goblins that haunt within. At least the mountain itself remains a safe haven – the low risk active volcano hasn’t erupted since 1707.

世界上的对称成层火山大概要数日本的富士山了。数百年来，它给大量的艺术创作提供了灵感。 “它是日本的标志：终年积雪，远看若隐若现，山前樱花盛放”，瓦谢说道。富士山不仅本身美丽而神秘，其西北山脚的青木原森林也激发着人们的想象力，当地的民间故事里就有不少关于森林妖魔鬼怪的描写。不过富士山本身仍是一个安全的地方，因为它的爆发风险很低，自从1707年就再没有爆发过了。

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